石(shi)(shi)墨阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)就是(shi)作为(wei)一个导(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)使(shi)用(yong)，而(er)且是(shi)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有阴极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)分，那么(me)石(shi)(shi)墨做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，成为(wei)石(shi)(shi)墨阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。石(shi)(shi)墨阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)在电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)工(gong)业(ye)中(zhong)用(yong)作电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)墨板、块或棒(bang)材。使(shi)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)墨阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)工(gong)艺(yi)有两类(lei)，一类(lei)是(shi)水溶液(ye)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)，另(ling)一类(lei)是(shi)熔(rong)盐电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)食盐水溶液(ye)生(sheng)产烧碱和氯气的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氯碱工(gong)业(ye)是(shi)石(shi)(shi)墨阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)较大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)户(hu)。石(shi)(shi)墨阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)怎么(me)生(sheng)产的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)？石(shi)(shi)墨阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)产工(gong)艺(yi)及(ji)所用(yong)原料(liao)基本上与石(shi)(shi)墨电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相同。由(you)于(yu)对石(shi)(shi)墨阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密度和强度要求较高，焙烧后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)半(ban)成品还须进行(xing)沥(li)青(qing)浸(jin)渍，然后，石(shi)(shi)墨化(hua)和机械(xie)加(jia)工(gong)。

用(yong)于熔(rong)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)电(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)石墨(mo)阳都(dou)是一些大(da)规(gui)格(ge)的(de)(de)产品(pin)，例如(ru)，熔(rong)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)电(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)槽(cao)，使用(yong)直径400～800mm的(de)(de)大(da)型石墨(mo)阳极，熔(rong)盐(yan)(yan)(yan)电(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)生产金属(shu)镁的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)槽(cao)，使用(yong)的(de)(de)是大(da)规(gui)格(ge)的(de)(de)石墨(mo)块材。

氯(lv)(lv)(lv)碱(jian)(jian)工(gong)业(ye)是(shi)(shi)基本化(hua)学工(gong)业(ye)，它生产的烧碱(jian)(jian)广泛应用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)纺织、造纸、冶金、有(you)机(ji)和(he)无机(ji)化(hua)工(gong)等(deng)众(zhong)多(duo)工(gong)业(ye)部门。氯(lv)(lv)(lv)气也是(shi)(shi)一种(zhong)重(zhong)要的化(hua)工(gong)原料。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)电(dian)解食盐水溶液方法制取(qu)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)碱(jian)(jian)产品已(yi)(yi)经有(you)一百多(duo)年的历史。在漫长的岁月里，有(you)两种(zhong)电(dian)解槽(cao)，即(ji)较电(dian)解槽(cao)和(he)隔膜电(dian)解槽(cao)曾长期共存(cun)，并(bing)驾齐驱，对氯(lv)(lv)(lv)碱(jian)(jian)工(gong)业(ye)的发展(zhan)起过重(zhong)要的作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。但(dan)由(you)于(yu)较对环境污染严重(zhong)，从(cong)20世(shi)纪70年代起，这(zhei)种(zhong)电(dian)解槽(cao)已(yi)(yi)被逐渐淘汰。隔膜槽(cao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的石棉隔膜同(tong)样会对环境造成公(gong)害。离(li)子交(jiao)换膜法是(shi)(shi)对膜技术进行(xing)重(zhong)大改进的一种(zhong)先(xian)进的氯(lv)(lv)(lv)碱(jian)(jian)生产工(gong)艺。

长(zhang)期(qi)以来(lai)，较电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)和隔(ge)膜电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)都(dou)使用(yong)石(shi)墨(mo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。在(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)运行过程中，石(shi)墨(mo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)会慢慢地消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)，较电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)每吨(dun)烧碱消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)石(shi)墨(mo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)4～6kg，隔(ge)膜电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)每吨(dun)烧碱消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)石(shi)墨(mo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)约6kg。随着石(shi)墨(mo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)变薄，阴极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)与阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)间(jian)距离增大(da)(da)，槽(cao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压会逐渐(jian)升(sheng)高(gao)。因(yin)此(ci)，运行一些时间(jian)后(hou)，需要(yao)停槽(cao)更换阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世纪60年代中期(qi)，荷兰人(ren)H.比尔发明了一种以钛为基(ji)体(ti)表(biao)面涂料的金(jin)(jin)(jin)属(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。由于金(jin)(jin)(jin)属(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)基(ji)本上不(bu)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)，因(yin)此(ci)，也被(bei)称作(zuo)为尺寸(cun)稳定阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（Dimensionally Stable Anode缩(suo)写DSA）。除了不(bu)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)，因(yin)而(er)(er)使用(yong)寿命长(zhang)外，金(jin)(jin)(jin)属(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)还具有(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流效(xiao)率高(gao)，氯碱产品质量(liang)好、节能、无特别(bie)污染和维修工作(zuo)量(liang)少等(deng)优(you)点，因(yin)而(er)(er)受到青睐，迅速推广应用(yong)。但由于金(jin)(jin)(jin)属(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)价格昂贵，金(jin)(jin)(jin)属(shu)钌资源贫乏，供应难以保证(zheng)，以及采用(yong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)属(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)时，要(yao)求(qiu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液盐(yan)水含钙、镁离子(zi)不(bu)大(da)(da)于5×10，因(yin)而(er)(er)，需要(yao)对电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液进(jin)行严格的净化处理等(deng)原(yuan)因(yin)，可以预(yu)计，在(zai)相当长(zhang)一段时间(jian)内(nei)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)属(shu)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)会特别(bie)取代石(shi)墨(mo)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。